[Editor's note: print this document with a monospaced font (Monaco or Courier on a Macintosh) to have the graphs and tables appear in their proper format.] APPROXIMATE AMOUNTS FOR THE MOLECULAR EQUIVALENTS OF ALUMINA, SILICA, AND FLUXING OXIDES IN A GLAZE --------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF SILICA IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 6.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ********| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ********| 5.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ********| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*******| 5.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*******| 5.2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*******| 5.0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*|*******| 4.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*|*******| 4.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*|*******| 4.2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** **|*|*******| 4.0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** * **|*|*******| 3.2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ***** * **|*|*******| 3.0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** |**** * **|*|*******| 2.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|** |**** * **|*|*******| 2.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 2.2| | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | ******|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 2.0| | | | | | | | | | | |** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | ***** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | **|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 1.7| | | | | | | | ****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | ******|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 1.5| | | | | |***|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | ********|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | |*******|***|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 1.2|***|*****|***|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| |***|*****|***|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 1.0|***|*****|***|*****|**** ****|*|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for silica in your empirical formula. (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. ---------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF ALUMINA IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.8| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **| 0.6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*******| 0.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*|*******| 0.4| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** * **|*|*******| 0.3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ***** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.2| | | | | | | | | | |***********|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | ****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | ****|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.1|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.0|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for alumina in your empirical formula. (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. ---------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF CALCIUM IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **| 0.8| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ********| 0.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*|*******| 0.6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**** * **|*|*******| 0.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ******* * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.4| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.3| | | | | | | | | | | | ********|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | *** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | | | | **|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.2| | | | | | | ******|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| | | | | |*****|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.1| | ******|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| 0.0|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for calcium in your empirical formula. (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. --------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF BARIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.8| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.4| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *******|*| | | | | 0.3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ***** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ****|**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ******|** |**** * **|*| | | | | 0.2| | | | | | | | | | | | |*******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ******* ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | 0.1| | | | | | |*******|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | 0.0| | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for barium and magnesium in your empirical formula. (Warning: Barium is highly toxic.) (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. ---------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF ZINC OR STRONTIUM IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.8| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.5| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.4| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |****** **|*| | | | | 0.2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ********* * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | 0.1| | | | | | | | | **************|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | |*******|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | | | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | 0.0| | | | | | |*|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*| | | | | ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for zinc or strontium in your empirical formula. (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. ----------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF POTASSIUM, SODIUM, LITHIUM OR BORON IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.8| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.7|***|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.6|***|*****|**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.5|***|*****|***|*****|*****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** **| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ***** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.4|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | 0.3|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|*****| | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |*******| | | | | | | 0.2|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * *** | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|** | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|** | | | 0.1|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|**** | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*****| | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|****** | 0.0|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** |**** * **|*|*******| ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for potassium, sodium, lithium or boron in your empirical formula. (Warning: Lead is very toxic.) (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. ---------------------------------------------------------------- APPROX. AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN A GLAZE AT A GIVEN CONE OR TEMP. (Maturation Temperature in Centigrade) 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1.0._________._________._________._________._________._________. |*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |*****| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.9|***|****** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.8|***|*****|***|****** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.7|***|*****|***|*****|****** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** **| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** *** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.6|***|*****|***|*****|**** ***** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ***** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.5|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|** | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.4|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0.3|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|*| | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|*| | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|*| | | | | | | | | | | | 0.2|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | 0.1|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | |***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | 0.0|***|*****|***|*****|**** ******|***|** | | | | | | | | | | | ____._________.______.___.______.___.__._____._.____.________ Cone 012 08 06 04 1 4 6 9 10 12 This chart can help when trying to decide upon the molecular equivalents for lead in your empirical formula. _________________________________________________________________ ----------------------------------------------------------------- (c) 1994 Robert Fromme / For educational use, only. -----------------------------------------------------------------